Summary: In the current context of agroecological transition, the use of fermented fertilizers or biols has intensified. The objective of this study was to compare the nutrient concentration of two formulations of fermented fertilizers elaborated with local inputs. Handmade biodigesters were designed and sheep manure and Kikuyo grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) were used. Two formulations were generated: Biol 1 (20% kikuyo grass, 30% sheep manure and 50% water) and Biol 2 (50% sheep manure and 50% water), which were fermented for 100 days and there were three replicates of each formulation. In the biols the organic matter and the concentration of the macronutrients N, P and K, as well as the concentration of the micronutrients Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn were determined. Biol 1 had a higher concentration of organic matter, N and Fe (P ≤ 0.05). It is concluded that the nutrient concentration of the biol was improved when the grass was added in the fermentation process. The use of local, low-cost and easily accessible inputs can be an alternative to produce biols.

Resumen: En el contexto actual de la transición agroecológica, se ha intensificado el uso de fertilizantes fermentados o bioles. El objetivo del trabajo fue comparar la concentración nutrimental de dos formulaciones de fertilizantes fermentados elaborados con insumos locales. Se diseñaron biodigestores artesanales y se utilizó estiércol de ovino y pasto Kikuyo (Pennisetum clandestinum). Se generaron dos formulaciones: Biol 1 (20% pasto kikuyo, 30% estiércol ovino y 50% agua) y Biol 2 (50% estiércol ovino y 50% agua), las cuales se fermentaron durante 100 días y se tuvieron tres repeticiones de cada formulación. En los bioles se determinó la materia orgánica y la concentración de los macronutrientes N, P y K, así como la concentración de los micronutrientes Fe, Cu, Mn y Zn. El Biol 1 tuvo mayor concentración de materia orgánica, N y Fe (P ≤ 0.05), es decir, se concluye que se mejoró la concentración nutrimental del biol cuando se agregó el pasto en el proceso de fermentación. El uso de insumos locales, de bajo costo y de fácil acceso puede ser una alternativa para producir bioles.

Resumen Este estudio busca comprender las transformaciones del programa Proagro Productivo en su momento de implementación en una comunidad de la zona central de Veracruz, en México. Se realizó trabajo etnográfico de 2016 a 2019, a través de entrevistas a profundidad para analizar las relaciones entre el Estado, operadores y beneficiarios. Los hallazgos muestran que los agricultores diseñaron e implementaron múltiples estrategias productivas para subsistir, las cuales evidencian que el objetivo del programa no estuvo diseñado acorde a su realidad. Proagro se transformó de ser un programa de transferencias monetarias para incrementar la producción, en un programa para el autoabasto o para ser una garantía de pago de deudas.

Abstract This study look for understanding the transformations of the productive Proagro Program during its implementation in a community in the central zone of Veracruz, Mexico. Ethnographic work was conducted from 2016 to 2019, through in-depth interviews to analyze the relationships between the state, operators and beneficiaries. The findings show that farmers designed and implemented multiple productive strategies to subsist, which show that the objective of the program was not designed according to their reality. Proagro was transformed from being a cash transfer program to increase production, into a program for self-sufficiency or for being a guarantee of debt repayments.

Abstract The agribusiness is a major generator of employment and income worldwide and contributes to food security and nutrition. Therefore, the objective was to perform a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the scientific contributions in agribusiness. A bibliographic consultation was made in Scopus and "Agribusiness" was used as keyword. A textual analysis was performed on 407 scientific papers from 2020, through Nvivo 12 software using the following analysis codes: Mega trade agreements and institutional harmonization, farm-level technology pricing and contracts, market power related to the mega consolidation of companies, new agricultural technologies, emergence of agrocorporations, institutional land access rules, property rights regimes and their consequences, private enforcement of property rights, farmer class action studies and territorial reconversion. Two more codes emerged in the analysis process: Environmental impact and human health impact. Current scientific contributions in agribusiness are focused on new agricultural technologies (24%), environmental impact (17%) and local actions of farmers (14%). A qualitative improvement of the contributions is observed as more elements that support the complex processes agribusiness generates are increasingly incorporated. From focusing on economic and financial aspects, sustainability-oriented and social commitment domains are now considered. A modern and innovative concept defines agribusiness as economic activities with different forms or models of production, derived from or linked to agricultural products. It considers production-consumption processes and farmers are inserted in a differentiated way according to their economic rationality. These activities are not only focused on the generation of monetary value, but also on the social processes it produces, where multiple actors are involved.

Summary: Moringa is used for human and animal consumption due to its high content of proteins, vitamins and minerals. The present study analyzed and evaluated the effectiveness of Azospirillum spp. over the nutritional content of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) under nursery conditions. The experimental design consisted of four treatments with six repetitions in complete blocks at random, which consisted of the inoculation at 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mL of suspension with 9.8 × 105 CFU mL-1 of Azospirillum spp. The study variables: biomass, protein, macro (P, K. Ca and Mg) and micronutriments (Na, Fe, Cu and Mn) in leaves and stems were determined 70 days after sowing. The analysis of variance showed significant statistical differences between treatments only for the variables: potassium content in leaves and calcium content, iron and sodium in stem. According to the comparison of means (P ≤ 0.05) the best treatments were those that received 0.5 and 1 mL of suspension. The inoculation of Azospirillum, failed to increase the dry weight and protein contents; however, the highest values (30.2% crude protein) were associated with its application. The absence of significant effects in the other variables evaluated is associated with inoculum concentration, however, higher values are shown in the nutrient contents in relation to results reported in other research.

Resumen: La moringa es utilizada para consumo humano y animal debido a su alto contenido de proteínas, vitaminas y minerales. El presente estudio analizó y evaluó la efectividad de Azospirillum spp., sobre el contenido nutrimental de moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) en condiciones de vivero. El diseño experimental consistió en cuatro tratamientos con seis repeticiones en bloques completos al azar, los cuales consistieron en la inoculación a 0.5, 1 y 1.5 mL de suspensión con 9.8 × 105 UFC mL-1 de Azospirillum spp. Las variables de estudio: biomasa, proteína, macro (P, K. Ca y Mg) y micronutrimentos (Na, Fe, Cu y Mn) en hojas y tallos se determinaron a los 70 días después de la siembra. El análisis de varianza mostró diferencias estadísticas significativas entre tratamientos únicamente para las variables: contenido de potasio en hojas y contenido de calcio, fierro y sodio en tallo. De acuerdo a la comparación de medias (P ≤ 0.05) los mejores tratamientos fueron los que recibieron 0.5 y 1 mL de suspensión. La inoculación de Azospirillum, no logró aumentar el peso seco y los contenidos de proteína; sin embargo, los valores más altos (30.2% proteína cruda) se asociaron a su aplicación. La ausencia de efectos significativos en las demás variables evaluadas se asocia con la concentración del inoculo, sin embargo, se muestran valores superiores en los contenidos de nutrimentos en relación con resultados reportados en otras investigaciones.

Resumo Heliconias têm grande importância comercial devido à durabilidade de suas inflorescências, tamanhos, formas e cores brilhantes. Em relação à sua produção, a nutrição mineral da cultura é um dos aspectos mais relevantes para a obtenção de hastes florais de qualidade. O objetivo foi determinar a influência do N-P-K no crescimento e estado nutricional de Heliconia stricta Dwarf Jamaican. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram na fertilização do solo com N-P-K. Os níveis de adubação expressos em kg ha-1 de NPK foram: controle sem aplicação 00-00-00 (T100), 31-31-31 (T231), 62-62-62 (T362) e 93-93-93 (T493). As plantas receberam os tratamentos por seis meses. Variáveis de crescimento e teores de nutrientes da biomassa de helicônia foram avaliadas. A análise de variância mostrou diferenças estatisticamente significativas (P ≤ 0.05) no vigor e na cor da planta, assim como para os teores de fósforo, magnésio e cobre. Os aumentos significativos no vigor e cor foram com as doses 31-31-31 e 62-62-62 do NPK. Quanto ao conteúdo de P, Mg e Cu, esses foram influenciados pelas doses 31-31-31, 62-62-62 e 93-93-93. Este trabalho mostra importantes achados em relação ao diagnóstico nutricional no teor foliar de nutrientes.

Abstract Heliconias have great commercial importance due to their durability of inflorescences, sizes, forms and bright colors. Regarding its production, the mineral nutrition of the crop is one of the most relevant aspects to obtain quality floral stems. The objective was to determine the influence of N-P-K on the growth and nutritional content of Heliconia stricta Dwarf Jamaican. A completely randomized block design was used with four treatments and five repetitions. The treatments consisted in fertilizing the soil with N-P-K. The levels of fertilization expressed in kg ha-1 of NPK were: control without application 00-00-00 (T100), 31-31-31 (T231), 62-62-62 (T362) and 93-93-93 (T493). The plants received the treatments for six months. Growth variables and nutrient contents of heliconia biomass were evaluated. The analysis of variance showed significant statistical differences (P ≤ 0.05) in the vigor and color of the plant, as well as the phosphorus, magnesium and copper contents. The significant increases in vigor and color were with doses 31-31-31 and 62-62-62 of NPK. As for the contents of P, Mg and Cu were influenced by doses 31-31-31, 62-62-62 and 93-93-93 of NPK. This work shows important findings in relation to the nutritional diagnosis in the foliar content of nutrients.

A systematization and a quantitative and qualitative analysis of scientific documents are presented, which respond: What are the main contributions of research in relation to the demands of agroecology in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)? What factors approaches and methods have been used in time and space? The quantitative approach predominates, followed by the qualitative one, and the mixed one to a lesser extent. The development of agroecology in LAC is distributed in: a country with greater consolidation (Brazil), a larger group in development, another with initial contributions and, finally, one with minimal contributions. The most considered factors in the investigations are the physical-biological ones, followed by the social, economic, cultural, and political ones. Two thirds of the contributions to agroecological demands were: agroecological management, maintenance of biodiversity, self-management and local self-sufficiency, and soil and water conservation. Some contributions have been intensified at present, while agroecological management has prevailed over time. The predominance of conventional research approaches, methods and techniques is evident; the challenge is to generate new ways of seeing and doing research, which allow addressing the disciplinary interfaces of the complex problem in the society-nature relationship.

Se presenta una sistematización y análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de documentos científicos, que responden ¿Cuáles son los principales aportes de las investigaciones en relación con las demandas de la agroecología en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC)? ¿Qué factores, enfoques y métodos han utilizado en tiempo y espacio? Predomina el enfoque cuantitativo, seguido del cualitativo y menormente el mixto; el desarrollo de la agroecología en ALC está distribuido en: un país con mayor consolidación (Brasil), un grupo más grande en desarrollo, otro con aportaciones iniciales y, finalmente, uno con mínimos aportes. Los factores más considerados en las investigaciones son los físico-biológicos, seguido de los sociales, económicos, culturales y políticos. Las dos terceras partes de los aportes a las demandas agroecológicas fueron: manejo agroecológico, mantenimiento de la biodiversidad, autogestión y autosuficiencia local y conservación de suelo y agua. Algunos aportes se han intensificado actualmente, mientras que el manejo agroecológico ha prevalecido a través del tiempo. Es evidente el predominio de enfoques, métodos y técnicas de investigación convencionales; el reto es generar nuevas formas de ver y hacer investigación, que permitan abordar las interfaces disciplinares de la compleja problemática en la relación sociedad-naturaleza.

Resumo Assegurar a extensão do período de durabilidade de hastes comerciais de Heliconia é fundamental no processo de aceitação do consumidor final. Para isso, o objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito da hidratação na vida dos vasos de duas cultivares de Heliconia. Foram utilizados delineamentos experimentais de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas (cultivar x hidratação) com 6 repetições, sendo cultivares x hidratação: sem hidratação (controle), com hidratação (água) e com hidratação + açúcar. Os resultados analisando as cultivares como fator mostram uma diferença estatisticamente significativa (P ≤ 0,05). De acordo com a comparação das médias (P ≤ 0,05), a Heliconia psittacorum x spathorcinata tropics tiveram a melhor resposta. Tanto a hidratação quanto a interação entre cultivares e o regime hídrico não mostraram diferenças significativas (P ≤ 0,05). A hidratação não garantiu um maior número de dias de vaso, por isso é uma alternativa o tratamento a seco e a redução no uso excessivo de água, de acordo com os resultados obtidos nesse estudo.

Abstract Ensuring extension of the vase life of Heliconia commercial stems is essential for the consumer acceptance process. For this, the objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of hydration on the vase life of two Heliconia cultivars. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with subdivided plots (cultivar x hydration) with 6 replicates, being cultivars x hydration: no hydration (control), water hydration and hydration + sugar. The results considering cultivars as a factor showed a statistically significant difference (P ≤ 0.05). According to the comparison of means (P ≤ 0.05), the Heliconia psittacorum x spathorcinata tropics showed the best response. Both hydration and interaction between cultivars, showed no significant differences (P ≤ 0.05). Hydration did not guarantee a greater number of days of durability, so it is a good alternative, the use of dry treatment and the reduction on the excessive water use, according to the results obtained in this study.

RESUMO As Heliconias têm um grande potencial como flor de corte sendo importante o manejo adequado da cultura. Neste sentido, objetivou-se aplicar alterações ao solo (Biol e Polímero superabsorvente - SAP) e analisar o seu efeito sobre o crescimento de Heliconia psittacorum cv. Tropica. Foi realizado experimento usando o delineamento experimental completamente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições: SAP (1 g planta-1); Biol (planta de 20 mL-1) + SAP (1 g planta-1); Biol (planta de 20 mL-1) e um controle (sem aplicação). Foi cultivado um rizoma de 20 cm por vaso foram avaliados a altura da planta, número de folhas, área foliar e número de brotos. A análise de variância não mostrou nenhuma diferença estatística (p ≤ 0,05) entre os tratamentos para as variáveis altura de planta, área foliar e número de brotos; porém, obteve-se diferença significativa para a variável número de folhas p ≤ 0,05). Os melhores tratamentos foram Biol, SAP e Biol + SAP. Com a aplicação das alterações de biol e SAP, não foi possível aumentar a altura de plantas, a área foliar e o número de brotações de heliconia. Em relação à aplicação de SAP aos resultados não significativos em Heliconia, espera-se que tratamentos com SAP tenham um efeito melhor na estação seca.

ABSTRACT The Heliconias have a great potential as a cut flower and for this reason an adequate management of the crop is important. The objective of this research was the application of soil amendments (Biol and superabsorbent polymers - SAP) and the analysis on their effect in the growth of Heliconia psittacorum cv. Tropica. An experiment was established using a completely randomized design with four treatments and five repetitions: SAP (1 g plant-1), biol (20 mL plant-1) + SAP (1 g plant-1), biol (20 mL plant-1) and one control (without application). A 20 cm rhizome was planted per pot and were evaluated the height of the plant, the number of leaves, the leaf area and the number of shoots were measured. The analysis of variance did not show statistical differences (p ≤ 0.05) between treatments for the variables of the height of the plant, the leaf area and the number of shoots, but statistical differences were found for the variable number of leaves (p ≤ 0.05), and the best treatments were Biol, SAP, and Biol + SAP. With the application of the biol and SAP amendments, it was not possible to increase the plant height, the leaf area and the number of Heliconia shoots. Regarding the application of SAP to the not found significant results in Heliconia, it is expected that treatments with SAP show a better effect in the dry season.